MAIZE
BOTANICAL :- Zea Mays
LOCAL NAME :- Corn
FAMILY :- Poaceae
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| MAIZE |
MORPHOLOGY OF MAIZE:
1. ROOTS :- Maize has a fibrous root system,with a primary root that develops into numerous secondary roots,aiding in nutrient absorption and anchorage.
2. STEM :- The stem,or stalk,is typically erect,hollow and segmented,it supports the plant and transport water and nutrients.
3. LEAVES :- The leaves are long narrow and arranged alternately along the stem.they have a prominent midrib and parallel venation, contributing to photosynthesis.
4. FLOWERS :- Maize is monoecious meaning if has separate male and female flowers.the male flowers in tassels at the top while the female flowers develop in ears along the sides of the plant.
5. EARS AND KERNELS :- the ears contain rows of kernels, which are the seeds of the plant,each kernel is surrounded by a husk and is the primary edible part of maize.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE :-
1. important both as food for man and feed for animals.
2. It is a miracle crop has very high yield potential so called as queen of cereals
3. Several food dishes including chapatis are prepared out of Maize flour and grains.
4. Its protein zein is deficient in tryptophan and lysine among essential amino acids.
5. Maize is low in calcium fairly high in phosphorus.
6. Maize oil cakes can be used as organic manure.
7. Being a C+ plant if has high adaptability as compared to other cereals.
8. Starch products e.g. fabrilose,dextrin,sayatex, maton are manufactured from corn.
POTATO
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| POTATO |
MORPHOLOGY OF PATATO :-
SUGARCANE
BOTANICAL NAME :- Saccharum officinarum
LOCAL NAME :- sugarcane
FAMILY :- Gramineae
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| SUGARCANE |
MORPHOLOGY OF SUGARCANE :-
1. STEM ( CANE) :- the stem is fall jointed and cylindrical,composed of noles and internodes, it is primarily responsible for sugar storage.
2. LEAVES :- long narrow and lanceolate with a prominent midrib.leaves can grow up to to 3 meters long and have a distinct serrated margin
3. ROOTS :- sugarcane has a fibrous root system that can penetrate deeply into the soil, providing stability and nutrient uptake.
4. FLOWERS :- sugarcane is a grass and it's flowers form in spikelets grouped in a panicle the flowering occurs typically in the late summer to early fall.
5. RHIZOMES :- some sugarcane varieties have underground stems ( Rhizomes) that help in vegetative propagation.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SUGARCANE :-
1. used for making sugar.
2. Chewed in most of producing regions hence used as food.
3. Thickened juice produces ( by product of sugarcane) - molasses.
4. By products used for Ethan's production.
5. Control soil erosion.
6. Provide feeds to animals ( cattle) .
COTTON
BOTANICAL NAME :-gossypium spp
LOCAL NAME :- cotton
FAMILY :- malvaceae
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| COTTON |
MORPHOLOGY OF COTTON:-
1. ROOTS :- cotton has a deep taproot system that helps in water and nutrients absorption along with fibrous lateral roots for surface stability.
2. STEMS :- the stems are sturdy and can be erect or semi- erect featuring nodes and internodes.they are often covered with a waxy layer for protection
3. LEAVES :- cotton leaves are broad lobed and palmate in shape, typically arranged alternately.they vary in size and can be dark green .
4. FLOWERS :- cotton flowers are large and salutary with fire petals . They are usually white yellow or pink and known for their beauty.the flowers are bisexual , facilitating self - pollination.
5. BALLS :- after pollination,flowers develop into balls, which are protective capsules containing seeds.the balls open when mature revealing the fluffy cotton fibers.
6. SEEDS :- Each ball contains several seeds surrounded by cotton fibers, which are the primary product harvest for textile use.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF COTTON :-
1. it serves as a cash crop to the farmers.
2. Lint serves as raw material for the textile industry.
3. Queen of fiber crops.
4. White gold.
5. Cotton fibers is the major commercial product of cotton.
6. Cotton fiber is soum into porn or thread that is used in textile industry.
7. Cottonseed oil and cake are secondary products of cotton.
8. Cotton seed meal is fed to poultry.
JUTE
BOTANICAL NAME :- corchorus capsularis
LOCAL NAME :- jute
FAMILY :- Tiliaceae ( Malvaceae)
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| JUTE |
MORPHOLOGY OF JUTE:
1. ROOT :- tap root system ( numerous branches developed ) , in case of C. Capsularis adventitious root develope
2. STEM :- Herbaceous,erects cylindrical,solid, slender, smooth at the top but rough at the base , branching near the top , green in colour mucilaginous.
3. LEAF :- simple, alternate, deciduous,petiolate,petiole long ,margin, serrate,auriculate,lower two serration prolonged into tine pointed auricles ,apex acuminate, venation reticulate.
4. INFLORESCENCE :- solitary or few flowered cymes , opposite to leave
5. FLOWER :-complete,pedicellate,bracteate, small, bisexual (dichlamydeous, actinomorphic) , regular,pentamerous, hypogynous yellow in coller.
6. CALYX :- sepal-5, polysepalous , narrow, green in color, aestivation velvet.
7. CORELLA :- petal -5 , polysepalous, aestivation - imbricate.
8. ANDROECIUM :- stamen many , polyandrous,filament long and thin,anther small, kidney - shaped, 2- lobed.
9. GYNOECIUM :- carpels - 5, syncarpous,ovary superior,5- locular with numerous ovules, style short, capitate, stigma plantation axile.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF JUTE :
1. jute cultivation and processing creates job for millions of people , including farmers laborers and workers in manufacturing .
2. Jute in primary source of income for farmers especially in region where jute is grown.
3. India is a leading exporter of jute products, which are valuable in international markets.
4. Jute is a major revenue - generating crop that contributes to the agricultural sector 's GDP .
5. The jute industry support other sectors such as those that produce gunny bags,ropes,carpets and tarpaulins.
SILK COTTON
BOTANICAL NAME :- Bombax Ceiba
LOCAL NAME :- kapas,kapok
FAMILY :- malvaceae
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MORPHOLOGY OF SILK COTTON:
1. TREE CHARACTERISTICS :- the kapok tree can grow up to 70 meters tall with a smooth gray bark often featuring spines and a shallow root system with butterss roots for stability.
2. LEAVES :- The leaves are palmate with 5 to 9 lobes, arranged serially and are dark green.contributing to the tree's photosynthetic efficiency.
3. FLOWERS :- Large trumpet - shaped, flowers, typically white to Oream with pinkish hues attract nocturnal pollinators like bats due to their size and fragrance.
4. FRUITS :- The mature fruits are woody spikg capsules that contain seeds surrounded by buoyant fibrous material which aids in wind dispersal.
5. FIBERS :- The silk cotton fibers are light soft and water resistant making them suitable for insulation, padding and various applications.
ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SILK COTTON
1. TEXTILE AND INSULATION :- used as filling for pillow mattress, and cushion due to its softness and insulating properties.
2. ECO- FRIENDLY PACKAGING :- Serves as a biodegradable insulation material for packaging ,promoting sustainability.
3. MEDICAL APPLICATION :- utilized in absorbent products like cotton balls and bandages, making it valuable in healthcare.
4. ARTISAN CRAFTS :- Employed by local artisans for handicrafts and traditional textiles, supporting local economies and cultural heritage.
5. ECOTOURISM :- contributes to biodiversity in tropical forest.attracting ecotourism and benefiting local communities.
6. CULTURAL SIGNIFICANCE :- Hold traditional and spiritual importance in various cultures influencing local customs and practices.
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