to study the medicinal and aromatic plants

1. PAPAVER SOMMIFERA

BOTANICAL NAME :- Papaver sommifera

LOCAL NAME :- opium poppy

FAMILY :- papaveraceae

MORPHOLOGY OF PAPAVER SOMMIFERA

1. Papaver sommifera has a taproot system which penetrates deep into the soil allowing it to absorb water and nutrients efficiently.

2. The stem is erect globrous( smooth hairless) and typically greenish blue in colour if can grow between 30 cm to 150cm in height.

3. The leaves are lobed and serrated with a wavy margin.

4. The flowers are large,showy and typically salitary.

5. After the flowers fall off.they leave behind a spherical or oval capsule that is smooth and has a bluish green tint.

PAPAVER SOMMIFERA

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SOMNIFERA :-

1. Papaver sommifera is the main plant source for opium which is used to produce a variety of of medically significant alkaloids like morphine codcine and the bains .

2. Non - narcotic poppy seeds are widely used in the food industry as an ingredient in baked good , salads and traditional dishes across many countries, contributing to global culinary markets.

3. Poopy seed oil is extracted from the seeds and used in both the food and cosmetic industries.

4. Poppies are widely groom for their decoration flowers in gardens and floral industries adding value to the ornamental plant Market.

5. In some cultures opium poppy has traditional and ceremonial importance linking it to cultured practice and local economies.

6. After oil extraction the remaining Seed meal is used as animal feed making it a resource in agriculture for livestock nutrition.

2. ATROPA BALLADONA

BOTANICAL NAME :- Atrropa balladona

LOCAL NAME :- deadly nightshade

FAMILY :- solonaceae

MORPHOLOGY OF ATROPA BALLADONA

1. HABIT :- A perermial herb or smell shrub ,atropa belladonna grows up to 1.5 to 2 meters in height with an upright, branching structure.

2. ROOT :- it has a thick,fleshy and branched taproot system that penetrates deep into the soil.

3. STEM :- The stem is green to purplish in colour, react, often hairy and braches out as the plant matures.

4. LEAVES :- The leaves are large ovate to elliptic in ranging from 7 to 20 cm in length with smooth edges.they are dark green on the top and lighter beneath the arrangement can be atternate or opposite.

5. FLOWERS :- The plant produces solitary bell - shaped flowers which are about 2- 3 cm in diameter.

6. FRUIT :- The fruit is a shing black berry, approximately 1- 1.5 cm in diameter that is highly toxic.

7. SEEDS :- The seeds are small and kidney shaped, enclosed within the toxic berries.

ATROPA BALLADONA

ECONOMICS IMPORTANCE OF ATROPA BALLADONA: -

1. used to produce medication that treat bradycardia, muscle spasms and digestive disorders.

2. Atropine is used to dilate pupils during eye exams and surgeries.

3. Scopolamine is used to prevent and treat nausea and motion sickness.

4. Atropine is used to reduce saliva and secretion during surgery.

5. Acts as an antidote for organophosphate poisoning and certain nerve agents.

6. Alkaloids are studied for developing synthetic drugs and treatments.

7. Used historically to dilate pupils for aesthetic purposes.

8. Diluted extracts are used in homeopathic remedies for inflammation and headaches.

9. It's toxicity has importance in agriculture and toxicology for developing antidotes plants control strategies.

3. ADHATHODA VASACA

BOTANICAL NAME :- adhathoda vasaca

LOCAL NAME :- Adulsa / Malabarnut / vasaka

FAMILY :- Aconthaceae

MORPHOLOGY ADHATHODA VASACA: -

1. A perennial shrub that typically grows up to 1 to 2 meters tall with a bushy appearance.

2. Has a fibrous root system with roots are relatively shallow but extensive .

3. The stems are erect quadrangular ( four - sided) ,and can be slightly woody as the plant matures they are often branches.

4. The leaves are simple loncoalate to ovate .

5. The flowers are tubular with a five lobed corolla.

6. The fruit is a capsule, typically containing 4 to 6 seeds.

7. Seeds are smooth, flat and numerous,aiding in wind dispersal.

ADHATHODA VASACA

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ADHATHODA VASACA

1. Adhatoda vasica is primarily used in traditional medicine for treating respiratory disorders such as asthma and bronchitis .

2. Contains vasicine and other alkaloids that possoss anti- inflammatory expectorant and antimicrobial properties.

3. Used in the preparation of various herbal remedies and cough syrups.contributing to the herbal medicine market.

4. Cultivation and trade of vasaka support local economies especially in regions where it is grown

5. The leaves are used as a natural dye and for their tannic content in the leather industry.

6. Increasing interest in the plant for pharmaceutical research leads to potential new drug discoveries and development opportunities.

7. Adhathoda vasica is used in traditional ayurvedic and unani medicine systems enhancing it's cultural.significance and promoting sustainable practices in herbal medicine.

4. RAUWALFIA SERPENTINA

BOTANICAL NAME :- Rauwolfia serpentina

LOCAL NAME :- indian snakeroot

FAMILY :- Apocynaceae

MORPHOLOGY Of RAUWALFIA SERPENTINA:

1. size Rauwalfia serpentina is an evergreen perennial, glabrous and erect under shrub that can grow up to 60 cm tall.

2. Leaves the leaves are in whorls of three , elliptic to lanceolate or obovate bright green above and pale green below . they are thin and hare long petioles .

3. The flowers are white often,tinged with violet and are in irregular corymbose cymes the calyx is glabrous bright red and lanceolate. The corolla is longer than the calyx with a slender tube that swells a little above the middle.

4. The fruits are drupes that are small, shiny ,oval , fleshy and turn purple black when ripe.

5. The Roots are tuberous with pale brown cork and are 5- 15 cm long and 3- 20 mm in diameter.

6. The plant has a light brown to grayish yellow or grayish brown colour.

RAUWALFIA SERPENTINA

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF RAUWALFIA SERPENTINA :-

1. Rauwolfia serpentina is the primary source of reserpine an alkaloid used to treat hypertension and mental disorders like schizophrenia.

2. Rauwolfia serpentina is widely used in Ayurveda and Unani medicine for treating insomnia anxiety and high blood pressure.

3. Rauwolfia serpentina contributes to the pharmaceutical industry through its use in antihypertensive and sedative drug formulation.

4. Rauwolfia serpentina extracts are popular in herbal supplement aimed at stress relief and relaxation.

5. Research on Rauwolfia serpentina continues to explore its potential in treating neurological and cardiovascular conditions.

6. The cultivation of Rauwolfia serpentina provides economic support for rural farmers and enhances agricultural income.

7. Rauwolfia serpentina holds cultural and historical significance due to its long standing use in traditional medicine systems.

5. ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA

BOTANICAL NAME:- Andrographis paniculata

LOCAL NAME :- kalmegh

FAMILY :- Acanthaceae

MORPHOLOGY OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA

1. An erect branched annual herb.

2. Stem quadrangular branched with longitudinal furrows.

3. Leaves dark simple opposite green and lanceolate.

4. Flowers pale purple in owxiliary and terminal panicle racemes.

ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA

1. MEDICINE VALUE :- wedding used in traditional medicine for it's anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial peptides

2. PHARMACEUTICAL USE :- key ingredient in dietary supplements and herbal formulations boosting the herbal medicine market.

3. AGRICULTURAL PROFITABILITY :- cultivation offers economic opportunities for farmers in suitable regions.

4. EXPORT OPPORTUNITIES :- high demand for tried leaves and extracts in international markets enhances export potential.

5. SUSTAINABLE PRACTICES :- promoted ECO- friendly agriculture aligning with sustainable development goals.

6. RESEARCH AND AND INNOVATION :- ongoing studies may lead to new therapeutic applications increasing market value.

6. WITHANIA SOMNIFERA

BOTANICAL NAME :- Withanin somnifera

LOCAL NAME :- Ashwagandha

FAMILY :- solanaceae

MORPHOLOGY OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA

1. IT is a dense hairy, erect, grayish - tomentose herb or under - shrub , grows up to a height of 1.5 meter.

2. Its all parts are covered with whitish, stellate trichomes .

3. Branching is extensive leaves are simple alternate or sub - opposite ovate entire, basis cunate, 10 cm long.

4. The roots are stout long tuberous,floshy whitish brown.

WITHANIA SOMNIFERA

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF WITHANIA SOMNIFERA :-

1. Ashwagandha is valued for its adoptogenic properties helping the body manage strees and promote resilience.

2. Used in ayurvedic medicine for conditions like, stress, anxiety and fatigue, boosting demand in wellness markets.

3. Extracts are incorporated into pharmaceutical formulations and herbal supplements.

4. A key ingredient in nutraceuticals contributing to the dietary supplement industry.

5. Cultivation support farmers , incoms providing an alternative cash crop in rural areas.

6. Growing research interest in its therapeutic potential opens new opportunities for product development.

7. ALOE BARBADENSIS

BOTANICAL NAME :- Aloe barbadensis Miller

LOCAL NAME :- Aloe Vera

FAMILY :- Asphodelaceae

MORPHOLOGY OF ALOE BARBADENSIS

1. it is a succulent plants.

2. It is an stem less or short stemmed plant.

3. It's leaves are thick and fleshy .

4. The shape of leaves are rosette shape.

5. Flowers have a yellow tubular corolla which is up to 2- 3 cm.

6. Seeds are held in dry capsules.

7. Root grow wide and not too deep in soil .

8. Fruits of triangular capsules.

ALOE BARBADENSIS

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ALOE BARBADENSIS

1. It has antioxidant and antibacterial properties.

2. It may improve skin and prevent wrinkles.

3. Incorporated into drinks and food products appealing to health - conscious consumer and expanding market reach .

4. Cultivation creates job opportunities in agriculture, processing and distribution supporting local economies.

5. High demand in international markets for raw aloevera and processed products enhance export opportunities for producing countries.

8. MENTHA ARVENSIS

BOTANICAL NAME :- Mentha arvensis

LOCAL NAME :- Wild mint

FAMILY :- Lamiaceae

MORPHOLOGY OF MENTHA ARVENSIS

HABIT :- Perennial herb with a bushy form .
STEM :- Square shaped,erect, typically reaching 30- 100 cm in height often branched.
LEAVES :- Opposite arrangements: ovate to lanceolate shape 3- 10 cm long with serrated margins and prominent veins.
FLOWERS :- Small and tubular usually pale or white clustered in whorls at the axile of leaves.
ROOTS :- Strong, fibrous root system with stolons that facilitate spreading.
MENTHA ARVENSIS

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF MENTHA ARVENSIS

1. Source of mental for food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical.

2. Used as a flavouring herb in culinary dishes and beverages.

3. Valued for digestive and anti - inflammatory medicine properties.

4. Cultivated for essential oils providing income for farmers.

5. Suitable for ornamental use in gardens.

6. Increasing global demand for natural and organic products enhance market values.

9. ROSA SINENSIS

BOTANICAL NAME :- Hibiscus Rosa - sinensis

LOCAL NAME :- Chinese hibiscus/ gulab

FAMILY :- Malvaceae

MORPHOLOGY OF ROSA SINENSIS

1. Woody shrub or small tree 1 to 5 meters tall.

2. Erect branched stem with a slightly woody texture.

3. Ovate to elliptical leaves 7 to 15 cm long with a pointed.

4. Leaves are alternately arranged,glossy green and serrated.

5. Large flowers 10 to 15 cm in diameter in various color ( red, pink, yellow, white).

6. Five overlapping petals broad and crinkled.

7. Prominent central column of numerous stamens.

8. Single pistil with a long style and round stigma.

9. Flowers can be solitary or in clusters, blooming year - round in suitable climate.

10. Capsule fruit 3 to 5 cm long with small dark Seeds dispersed when split.

11. Fibrous root system with a deep taproot for drought resistance.

ROSA SINENSIS

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF ROSA SINENSIS

1. Widly cultivated for ornamental use in gardens and landscape.

2. Holds cultural significance in traditional ceremonies and symbolism.

3. Used for medical properties including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.

4. Contributes to horticulture through breeding of new varieties.

5. Attract tourists to botanical gardens and tropical Resort boosting local economies.

6. Flowers are used to produce natural dyes for textiles .

7. Supports biodiversity by attracting pollinators like bees and butterflies.